Cost Accounting Chapter 11

Horngren, C. T. , Datar, S. M. also, Foster, G. (2003) Cost Accounting †A Managerial Emphasis, Pearson Education, Inc. , New Jersey, Eleventh Edition CHAPTER 11 DECISION MAKING AND RELEVANT INFORMATION 11-1 The five stages in the choice procedure laid out in Exhibit 11-1 of the content are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Get data Make forecasts about future costs Choose an elective Implement the choice Evaluate execution to give input 11-2 Relevant expenses are normal future costs that vary among the elective approaches being considered.Historical costs are immaterial in light of the fact that they are past expenses and, in this way, can't contrast among elective future blueprints. 11-3 No. Pertinent expenses are characterized as those normal future costs that vary among elective strategies being thought of. In this manner, future costs that don't contrast among the options are insignificant to choosing which choice to pick. 11-4 Quantitative variables are results that are estimated in numerica l terms. Some quantitative elements are financialâ€â€that is, they can be effortlessly communicated in fiscal terms. Direct materials is a case of a quantitative monetary factor.Qualitative elements are results that are hard to gauge precisely in numerical terms. A model is representative resolve. 11-5 Two potential issues that ought to be stayed away from in applicable cost investigation are: 1. 2. Try not to accept every factor cost are important and every fixed expense are unimportant. Try not to utilize unit-cost information legitimately. It can deceive leaders on the grounds that a. it might incorporate insignificant expenses, and b. correlations of unit costs processed at various yield levels lead to mistaken ends 11-6 No. Some factor expenses may not vary among the options viable and, consequently, will be irrelevant.Some fixed expenses may contrast among the other options and, subsequently, will be pertinent. 11-7 No. A portion of the all out unit expenses to fabricate an item might be fixed expenses, and, henceforth, won't contrast between the make and purchase options. These fixed expenses are superfluous to the settle on or-purchase choice. The key correlation is between buy costs and the costs that will be spared if the organization buys the segment parts from outside in addition to the extra advantages of utilizing the assets opened up in the following best elective use (opportunity cost). 1-8 Opportunity cost is the commitment to salary that is done without (dismissed) by not utilizing a constrained asset in its next-best elective use. 11-1 11-9 No. When choosing the amount of stock to purchase, administrators must consider both the buy cost per unit and the open door cost of assets put resources into the stock. For instance, the buy cost per unit might be low when the amount of stock bought is enormous, yet the advantage of the lower cost might be more than balance by the high open door cost of the assets put resources into obtaining and h olding stock. 1-10 No. Chiefs should expect to get the most noteworthy commitment edge per unit of the compelling (that is, scant, restricting, or basic) factor. The compelling component is the thing that confines or restricts the creation or offer of a given item (for instance, accessibility of machine-hours). 11-11 No. For instance, if the incomes that will be lost surpass the costs that will be spared, the branch or business portion ought not be closed down. Closing down will just build the misfortune. Distributed expenses are consistently unessential to the closing down choice. 1-12 Cost discounted as deterioration is superfluous when it relates to a past expense. In any case, the buy cost of new gear to be procured later on that will at that point be discounted as deterioration is regularly pertinent. 11-13 No. Administrators will in general kindness the elective that makes their presentation look best so they center around the measures utilized in the exhibition assessment mod el. In the event that the performanceevaluation model doesn't underscore boosting working pay or limiting costs, chiefs will in all likelihood not pick the elective that amplifies working pay or limits costs. 1-14 The three stages in taking care of a straight programming issue are: 1. 2. 3. Decide the goal work. Determine the limitations. Figure the ideal arrangement. 11-15 The content blueprints two techniques for deciding the ideal answer for a LP issue: 1. Experimentation arrangement approach 2. Graphical arrangement approach Most LP applications practically speaking utilize standard programming bundles that depend on the simplex technique to figure the ideal arrangement. 11-2 11-16 (20 min. ) Disposal of advantages. 1. This is disastrous, yet the $80,000 costs are immaterial with respect to the choice to remachine or scrap.The just significant elements are the future incomes and future expenses. By overlooking the gathered expenses and settling based on anticipated future costs, working pay will be expanded (or misfortunes limited). The distinction for remachining is $3,000: (a) Remachine Future incomes Deduct future costs Operating salary Difference for remachining $35,000 30,000 $ 5,000 $3,000 (b) Scrap $2,000 †$2,000 2. This, as well, is a disastrous circumstance. In any case, the $100,000 unique expense is superfluous to this decision.The distinction in applicable expenses for reconstructing is $7,000 as follows: (a) Replace New truck Deduct current removal cost of existing truck Rebuild existing truck $102,000 10,000 †$ 92,000 $7,000 (b) Rebuild ††$85,000 Difference for remaking Note, here, that the present removal cost of $10,000 is important, yet the first expense (or book esteem, if the truck were not pristine) is unessential. 11-3 11-17 (10 min. ) The tilting PC. Thought about alone, book esteem is unessential as a proportion of misfortune when gear is destroyed.The proportion of the misfortune is substitution cost or some calc ulation of the current estimation of future administrations lost on account of hardware misfortune or harm. In the particular case depicted, the accompanying perceptions might be well-suited: 1. A completely devalued thing presumably is moderately old. Odds are that the misfortune from this hardware is not exactly the misfortune for a mostly deteriorated thing in light of the fact that the substitution cost of an old thing would be far not as much as that for an almost new thing. 2. The loss of an old thing, expecting substitution is fundamental, naturally quickens the planning of replacement.Thus, if the old thing were to be trashed and supplanted tomorrow, no monetary misfortune would be apparent. In any case, if the old thing should last five additional years, substitution is quickened five years. The best useful proportion of such a misfortune most likely would be the expense of equivalent utilized gear that had five years of staying helpful life. The way that the PC was complet ely devalued likewise implies the bookkeeping reports won't be influenced by the mishap. On the off chance that bookkeeping reports are utilized to assess the workplace director's presentation, the chief will incline toward any mishaps to be on completely devalued units. 11-18 (15 min. Different decision. 1. (b) Special request cost per unit Variable assembling cost per unit Contribution edge per unit Effect on working salary = $1. 50 ? 20,000 units = $30,000 increment $1,200,000 $48 9 $57 1,140,000 60,000 25,000 $ 85,000 $6. 00 4. 50 $1. 50 2. (b) Costs of buys, 20,000 units ? $60 Total pertinent expenses of making: Variable assembling costs, $64 †$16 Fixed expenses disposed of Costs spared by not making Multiply by 20,000 units, so complete costs spared are $57 ? 20,000 Extra expenses of buying outside Minimum by and large reserve funds for Reno Necessary applicable costs that would need to be spared in assembling Part No. 75 11-4 11-19 (30 min. ) Special request, action base d costing (CMA, adjusted). 1. Grant Plus' working salary under the choices of tolerating/dismissing the unique request are: Without OneWith OneTime Only Time Only Special Order Special Order 7,500 Units 10,000 Units Revenues Variable costs: Direct materials Direct assembling work Batch producing costs Fixed costs: Fixed assembling costs Fixed advertising costs Total costs Operating pay 1 2 Difference 2,500 Units $250,000 87,500 100,000 12,500 â€â€ â€â€ 200,000 $ 50,000 $1,125,000 262,500 300,000 75,000 1,375,000 350,000 2 400,000 3 87,500 1 275,000 175,000 1,087,500 1,287,500 $ 37,500 $ 87,500 $300,000 ? 10,000 7,500 3 $262,500 ? 10,000 7,500 $75,000 + (25 ? $500) Alternatively, we could ascertain the steady income and the gradual expenses of the extra 2,500 units as follows: Incremental income $100 ? 2,500 Incremental direct assembling costs Incremental direct assembling costs Incremental group fabricating costs Total gradual costs Total steady working salary from toler ating the exceptional request $262,500 ? 2,500 7,500 300,000 ? ,500 7,500 $500 ? 25 $250,000 87,500 100,000 12,500 200,000 $ 50,000 Award Plus ought to acknowledge the one-time-just exceptional request in the event that it has no drawn out suggestions on the grounds that tolerating the request builds Award Plus' working salary by $50,000. Assuming, be that as it may, tolerating the extraordinary request would make the standard clients be disappointed or to request lower costs, at that point Award Plus should exchange off the $50,000 gain from tolerating the uncommon request against the working salary it may lose from normal clients. 11-5 11-19 (Cont’d. ) 2. Grant Plus has a limit of 9,000 medals.Therefore, in the event that it acknowledges the exceptional one-time request of 2,500 decorations, it can sell just 6,500 awards rather than the 7,500 decorations that it as of now offers to existing clients. That is, by tolerating the exceptional request, Award Plus must do without deals of 1,000 decorations to its normal clients. On the other hand, Award Plus can dismiss the unique request and keep on offering 7,500 decorations to its normal clients. Grant Plus' working pay from offering 6,500 decorations to standard clients and 2,500 awards under one-time unique request follow: Revenues (6,500 ? $1

Error Analysis Lab

Mistake Analysis Lab By: Lab Team 5 Introduction and Background: during the time spent finding out about the significance of estimation and information handling, lab groups were offered prompts to configuration tests just as address the exactness, precision, and blunder examination inside the test. Lab groups teamed up their information to discover likenesses and contrasts inside their estimations. Through this procedure, understudies took in the significance of the measure of vulnerability just as the various kinds of test blunders that may have caused an edge of distinction inside the lab groups results.Measurement and information handling is a subject examined in IB Chemistry SL; it is significant inside mainstream researchers as it talks about the dependability of the information introduced. Vulnerability is utilized to decide a scope of an incentive in an estimation or instrument. Vulnerability of a simple instrument is give or take half of the littlest division present; while v ulnerability of a computerized scale is give or take the littlest division present. To distinguish the measure of vulnerability, critical figures (the digits in estimation up to and including the primary unsure digit) are used.Certain rules are utilized to find the quantity of noteworthy figures in a worth: * 1-9 are constantly huge * included zeroes (1009= 4 huge figures) * driving zeroes never tally (0. 023= 2 critical figures) * trailing zeroes after the decimal tally (1. 9850= 5 critical figures) Experimental blunders are the distinction between recorded worth and for the most part acknowledged or writing esteem. There are two kinds of test blunders: irregular and precise mistakes. Irregular blunders are brought about by the coherence of an estimating instrument, the impacts of changes in the environmental factors, lacking information, and eyewitness misinterpretation.Systematic mistakes are blunders that can not be diminished by rehashing tests or cautious trial structure. Thes e mistakes are brought about by poor test configuration just as ill-advised estimation procedures. Exactness is the contrast between the test esteem and the acknowledged worth. The more prominent the precision, the littler the orderly blunder. Accuracy is the reproducibility of the exploratory worth. The more noteworthy exactness, the less the irregular vulnerabilities. Reason: Design research facilities dependent on thoughts of exactness, accuracy and mistake examination through making a methodology and tending to the prompts.Materials: * 13. 5 cm x 10 cm sheet of aluminum foil * Ruler * Balance * Laptop * Micrometer * Silver Cube of Unknown Solid * H2O (by means of sink) * Timer * Thermometer (in degrees Celsius) * 500 pieces of paper * Caliper * 100 mL graduated chamber * 10 mL graduated chamber * 25 mL flagon Procedures and Methodologies: Station One (discover volume, mass, and thickness of an obscure 3D square): 1 Find the stature of the silver block of obscure strong utilizing the micrometer. 2 Find the length of the silver 3D square of obscure strong utilizing the micrometer. 3 Find the width of the silver block of obscure strong utilizing the micrometer. Locate the mass of the silver shape of obscure strong utilizing the parity. 5 Using the deliberate length, width and tallness of the 3D square of obscure strong, ascertain the volume of the shape. 6 Divide the mass of the 3D shape by the volume to discover the thickness of the 3D square. 7 Using the PC, distinguish the kind of metal dependent on the thickness. Station Two (figure out how to gauge 10. 5mL of water): 1 Using the 10 mL graduated chamber, measure out 10 mL of water. 2 Pour the deliberate water into the 100 mL graduated chamber. 3 Using the 10 mL graduated chamber, measure 0. 5 mL of water. Empty the deliberate water into the 100 mL graduated chamber, consolidating with the recently estimated 10 mL of water. Station Three (measure the thickness of single piece of paper and volume of 500 she ets): 1 Measure the tallness of the heap of paper with the ruler in millimeters (mm). 2 Measure the length of the pile of paper with the ruler in mm. 3 Measure the width of the pile of paper with the ruler in mm. 4 Calculate the volume of the heap of paper utilizing the ruler’s measurements in millimeters. 5 Calculate the thickness of one piece of paper dependent on the ruler’s measurements. Gap the stature by number of pieces of paper [500 sheets]). 6 Repeat stages 1-5, rather utilizing the caliper for estimations, yet at the same time estimating in millimeters. Station Four (ascertain the volume of metal chamber): 1 Using the caliper, measure the tallness of the chamber in millimeters. 2 Using the caliper, measure the breadth of the cylinder’s hover in millimeters. 3 Using the volume of a chamber equation (pi x span squared x tallness), compute the volume of the chamber. Station Five (Calculate the thickness of aluminum foil): 1 Using a PC, decide the acknowle dged thickness for aluminum. Utilizing the electronic parity, measure the mass of the sheet of aluminum foil. 3 Divide the mass by the acknowledged thickness to decide the volume. 4 Using the ruler, measure the measurements (length x width) of the sheet of aluminum. 5 Divide the volume by the elements of the aluminum to decide the thickness. Station Six (Measure the temperature of the sink water for 120 seconds): 1 Turn high temp water handle on. 2 Hold thermometer under running water. 3 Record temperature at 60 seconds. 4 Record temperature at 90 seconds. 5 Record temperature at 120 seconds. 6 Remove thermometer from water.Station Seven (Determine the periphery, thickness, and character of wire): 1 Using the micrometer, discover the breadth of the of the wire 2 Multiply the distance across by pi (3. 14) to discover the perimeter of the wire 3 Using the ruler, discover the length of the wire 4 Using the equalization, locate the mass of the wire 5 Multiply the periphery and the talln ess of the wire to decide the volume 6 Divide mass by volume, to decide the thickness of the wire. 7 Using the PC, recognize the kind of metal dependent on the thickness Data Collection: Station One-The outcomes from estimating the volume, mass, and thickness of an obscure 3D shape .Using the thickness, the lab groups had the option to distinguish the obscure solid shape. Group| Data| 1| volume=530 +-. 15mm3, mass= 7. 1+-. 05g, density=0. 12+-. 011gmm-3, lead| 2| volume=653+-. 01mm3, mass=7. 1+-. 1g, density=0. 01gmm-3, lead| 3| volume=580+-100mm3, mass 7. 14+-0. 001g, density= 0. 012gmm-3, lead| 4| volume=748+-0. 005mm3, mass= 7. 13g, density=0. 0009gmm-3, lead| 5| volume=727+-1mm3, mass=7. 14+-. 01g, density= . 01gmm-3, lead| 6| volume=621+-0. 05mm3, mass= 7. 15+-0. 01g, density=0. 0115gmm-3, lead| Station Two-Using the distinctive graduated chambers, lab groups apportioned 10. 5 mL of water. Group| Data| 1| 10. +-. 5mL| 2| 10. 5+-. 1mL| 3| 10. 5+-. 05mL| 4| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 5| 10. 5 +-. 5mL| 6| 10. 5+-. 5mL| Station Three-Provided with a ruler and micrometer, groups found the thickness of a solitary piece of paper and the volume of 500 pieces of paper. Group| Data| 1| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=2950cm3| 2| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=6. 0cm3| 3| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=3100cm3| 4| thickness=0. 0096cm, volume= 2900cm3| 5| thickness= 0. 01cm, volume= 3100cm3| 6| thickness= 0. 0098cm, volume=2950cm3| Station Four-Given a metal caliper, understudies were solicited to discover the volume from a chamber. Group| Data| 1| volume= 39+-2cm3| 2| volume= 38. +-2cm3| 3| volume= 63+-4. 9cm3| 4| volume=39+-2 cm3| 5| volume=41+-1cm3| 6| volume= 38. 8+-. 1cm3| Station Five-Students determined the thickness of a bit of aluminum foil utilizing a parity and ruler. Group| Data| 1| 0. 0018+-0. 0002cm| 2| 0. 01646+-0. 0002cm| 3| 0. 0017+-0. 00002cm| 4| 0. 0022+-0. 00005cm| 5| 0. 00175+-0. 00005cm| 6| 0. 0018cm| Station Six-Lab groups estimated the temperature of sink water more than 1 20 seconds. Group| Data| 1| Start= 23+-. 5C, 60=22+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=22. 5C| 2| Start=21. 0+-. 5C, 60=21. 2+-. 5C, 90=21. 5+-. 5C, 120=21. 7+-. 5C| 3| 60=21+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=23+-. 5C| 4| 23+-. 5C| | 60=29C+-. 5, 90=29+-. 5C, 120=29+-. 5C| 6| Start= 21. 5C, 60= 22C, 90= 22. 25C, 120= 22. 5C| Station Seven-Using a micrometer, parity, and ruler, bunches were approached to figure the circuit, thickness and find the personality of a wire. Group| Data| 1| circumference=6. 3+-+. 5mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 0033gmm-3| 2| circumference= 1. 19pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 011gmm 3| circumference= 3. 14mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 4| circumference= 3. 93mm| 5| circumference= 3. 14 mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 6| circumference= 1. 23pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 307gcm-3|Error Analysis: Station 1 (discover volume, mass, and thickness of an obscure shape) In this specific station, there are no distinguished exceptions. While the mass and thickness were fairly close in esteem, there was no short proximity in the estimation of the volume of the obscure block. This can be found in the diagrams beneath. Some arbitrary blunders that may have caused this absence of exactness in finding the volume of the obscure block are misreadings of the instruments, changes in nature of the trial, the quantity of noteworthy figures utilized, and the experimenter approximating a perusing. Station 2 (figure out how to gauge 10. 5mL of water)In this station, there were two recognizes exceptions. This included Group 2 and Group 3. They were distinguished as exceptions in light of the measure of vulnerability. This two gatherings had a fairly modest quantity of vulnerability not at all like the other four gatherings with indistinguishable measures of vulnerability. This can be found in the chart underneath. The mistake that would have caused the measure of vulnerability is orderly since water will have sticks to the sides of the graduat ed chamber as it was purging. Another explanation it was a precise mistake was the way that an excessive amount of water could have been added to the graduated chamber as it was filled.Station 3 There is just a single huge exception inside this station. In estimating the volume, Group 2 estimated the volume to be 6. 0 cm3 while every single other gathering said the volume was around 3000cm3. This is such

A Study of Capote and His Swans

A Study of Capote and His Swans I read In Cold Blood for the first time earlier this year and even then, it was under duress because it was a requirement for university. It’s not that I didn’t want to in fact, the book had sat on my bookshelf for some years, just because it wasn’t a priority. Reader, let me tell you, I regret my delay. In Cold Blood is seminal, and obviously many before me have said so. It led me down the whirlpool of reading about Capote, fascinated by his own obsession with Perry Smith and the small town of Holcomb, Kansas. With In Cold Blood, Capote set out to redefine writing. He sought to complete a nonfiction novel and wished to see awards lining his surrounds. The awards didn’t come, but in the long term Capote’s book is renowned as an American classic. In the background, Capote struggled with the executions of the murderers Perry and Smith, and found himself unable to complete another novel. Try as he might to finish Answered Prayers, Capote never managed it before his death, once commenting of it that “either I’m going to kill it or it’s going to kill me.” The manuscript he worked on so persistently for many long years focused on the sordid tales of social classes, with characters that strikingly resembled the people Capote had known and socialised with over many years. Off the back of my newfound fascination with Capote, I read Swan Song, Kelleigh Greenberg-Jephcott’s first novel, which fictionalises the lives and tales Capote sought to use for his novel. Greenberg-Jephcott also provides background about Capote’s personal life, his childhood and his conflicting relationships with his family and friends. She paints a picture of a man who erred and failed to see it coming, and of women who turned their backs on him once he took advantage of them. The book is loaded with the egotistical, surface level lives of the elite and therefore is gossipy in tone but that aids the reader to understand the world these people lived in, and the defining moments of their lives. Capote was known for schmoozing with the top brass of his day Babe Paley, Jackie Kennedy and her sister Lee, and Gloria Guinness and Marella Agnelli among them. Greenberg-Jephcott’s book seeks to tell the tales of these women as their confidante spears them in public, releasing sections of Answered Prayers to magazines, shocked when they sever ties with him and he experiences social suicide. Though Capote remains an American icon, committed to film and reproduced times over, the stories of the women he took advantage of are less well known in the 21st century, their starlight lost to the passing of time in a way the creator of the Black and White Ball could never be. The stories in Answered Prayers (and indeed more widely in that era) are almost entirely stories of white people. Capote wrote while civil rights were pushing to an ebb in the United States but his social circle, politically inclined as it was, remained the white upper crust. The women whose confidences he carefully cultivated were all of the same stock but many of them told their own stories in book form in the years after Capote attempted it, and digging more deeply into their writing gives a reality to their voices Capote took away. Though we as readers cannot improve the history of publishing and authorship, we can platform voices that have been lost or forgotten, and we can persistently push for more diversity in our current reading, leaving behind an era of bookshelf exclusivity. Of Truman’s so-called ‘swans’, not all wrote about their experiences but some did. Among them was Slim Keith, who banished Capote from her life and never spoke to him again after his betrayal of her confidences. Slim: Memories of a Rich and Imperfect Life was published in the early 1990s and depicts her rise from nothing to the elite. Keith was undeniably interesting and undeniably imperfect her name dropping and sense of ego pervade the pages of her book and I got the sense that she was never truly happy but reading her own words instead of Capote’s was worthwhile. I also note that finding some of these older books is tricky theyre not too widely available and neither have they been updated. Though C.Z. Guest never wrote about her social life as part of the jet set, she did write First Garden, a book about her adoration of plants and gardening. Capote wrote the introduction to the book, which is full of charm and beautiful illustrations, but doesn’t shine much light on Guest herself. The same can be said of Lee, a somewhat guarded photographic autobiography by Lee Radziwill, loaded with images of her family and friends, notes scattered throughout to help the coffee table book lover into the annals of the Kennedys and Bouviers. Radziwill also wrote Happy Times, which I haven’t managed to get my hands on yet. A friend has told me that it seems Radziwill was determined to leave behind bad memories in favour of recalling the beautiful moments she lived through whether that’s an accurate assessment or not might be for another Rioter to say. Last we come to Marella Agnelli, an Italian-born noblewoman who passed away earlier in 2019 in Turin. Agnelli was renowned for her elegance and opulence, and was known to Capote as The Last Swan, the youngest of the coterie of women he socialised with. In her book The Last Swan, Agnelli wrote that she tried to discourage Capote from his work on Answered Prayers, explaining that she had confided in him often but noting that he waited ‘like a falcon’. Her book is part autobiography, part photo essay, resplendent with images of her fashion, interior and stylistic life. Of course, if you want to read Capote’s spin on these women’s lives, you can pick up a copy of Truman’s Answered Prayers, which was published after his death in the late 1980s. I haven’t read it yet; the voices of the Swans are the only ones I want to know, for now.

Relationship Between Unemployment And Inflation - 2301 Words

The relationship between unemployment and inflation has been the subject of heated debate, stimulate academic divide between macroeconomics because the relationship is difficult to explain. Rational expectations have been proposed by the new classical school of thought, there is not even a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment expected. Only a compromise when inflation is unanticipated. We think there is a compromise between the two, even in the short term, regardless of the fact that inflation is expected or not, and take the new Keynesian position on the issue. The relationship between unemployment and inflation is usually modeled within Philips Curve. Philips implied its empirical evidence that there was a stable relationship between inflation and unemployment proposed decision was a combination of the two menu choices, where they could choose any point along the curve between Philips points A and B where A is low inflation but high unemployment and B had low unemployment rates but high inflation. Many economists remain skeptical about the PC since, in classical microeconomic analysis, employment (and unemployment) levels depends on the real wage, not nominal wages as implied by the original PC .dropoff window This led Friedman to come with expectations increased PC. By integrating a theory of the formation of expectations in the behavior of workers model, the model allowed workers to take into account expected inflation. 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The Adaptation Of The Epic Of Beowulf - 1657 Words

The epic poem Beowulf is one of the oldest surviving literary pieces and therefore one of the most important works of Old English literature. John Gardner, in the form of the novel Grendel, created an adaptation based on one of the most well known epic poems. The adaptation is a successful one due to the fact that Gardner maintains the pivotal events from the plot that are present in the original Beowulf. The adaptation reincarnates the original through its use of the same characters present in both works. Grendel remains the antagonist in both of the literary works, as he wreaks havoc on Hrothgar’s mead-hall. The literary works end the same way, with Grendel dying and Beowulf remaining the epic hero for humanity. The differences in the†¦show more content†¦Grendel is a monster killing the Danes in both the original and adaptation, but readers of Grendel see he is also a miserable creature through his narration. The character of Beowulf remains the same, as the qualit ies that make Beowulf a great leader are still clearly defined in the adaptation. Grendel is able to recognize Beowulf’s strength and leadership attributes. In Beowulf the Geat’s leader is â€Å"a thane†¦with the strength of thirty/in the grip of each hand† (Heaney 380-381). Beowulf proves his strength and leadership qualities in both of the works as he prepares to defeat Grendel. The fight scene between Beowulf and Grendel remains true in the two pieces of literature; Beowulf fakes sleep and engages the monster in hand-to-hand combat. Beowulf is able to tear Grendel’s arm off from the shoulder, ultimately killing him. Before battle the thane proclaims, â€Å"I hereby renounce/sword and the shelter of the broad shield,/the heavy war-board: hand-to-hand/is how it will be, a life and death/fight with the fiend† (Heaney 436-440). Beowulf’s incredible strength is what separates him from the other humans; it plays a large role in the making of the epic poem. Therefore the adaptation maintains Beowulf’s strength, remaining faithful to an important component of the original work. Aside from characters, another major component of an adaptation is the plot and whether it remains true the original work. The plot of Grendel derives from the original work,Show MoreRelatedSimilarities Of The Story In Beowulf922 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf was originally an epic poem written by an unknown author that set the tone for future epic literature and created the ideal hero for pieces later to come. But despite its significance, Beowulf has been adapted throughout time and the character and poems image has been changed constantly. One of the best examples showing change to the story is the movie depiction of Beowulf. While there are some similarities that connect the book and story together there are overall more differences that separateRead MoreA Realistic Twist on an Ancient Myth Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesA thousand years ago peasants and kings alike were drawn to the epic and often-heroic tales told by bards. Much like the modern audiences of movies today, these often-fantasized tales captivated their listeners and gave a microscopic glimpse into the culture of the medieval period. Today, there is no doubt that 21st century America is a vast and very divergent world than that of the writers of early British literature. However, nearly a thousand years after the original stories were written, AmericanRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Grendel And Beowulf1702 Words   |  7 Pagestranslated, Beowulf has represented one of the finest examples of heroic poetry. As a tale reflecting the noble deeds of a hero, it uniquely expresses the cultural values of the Anglo-Saxons from whom it originated since heroes often do reflect the best of what their culture deems worthwhile. However, modern adaptations of this work express a different set of cultural values; values unique to modern society. When comparing the translated poem, Beowulf, to the 2005 motion picture, Beowulf and GrendelRead MoreAmbiguity In Beewulf : A Comparison Of Beowulf1024 Words à ‚  |  5 Pages2007 film adaption of Anglo-Saxon text Beowulf naturally takes its liberties to make changes to the plot, but unlike most other Hollywood adaptations, this one brought more depth and plot to the otherwise simple epic. As a consequence, the underlying theme of the film shifts from the blind glory seeking of the text, towards a theme of lust for wealth and power. The events that showcase this contrast are heavily rooted within the three iconic fights of the epic. One trait of the original text showcasedRead MoreBeowulf - Profile of an Epic Hero Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesEpic Beowulf A hero, in the traditional sense of the word, is generally a protagonist in a story whose overwhelming power is the only which can defeat the evil of the day. In a classic example of this comes Beowulf, a novel adaptation of the epic Anglo-Saxon poem by Robert Nye. The main character and namesake of the story is Beowulf, an adventurous young hero. When he hears the tales of the monster Grendel that terrorizes the Danish kingdom, he immediately has the urge to lend his assistanceRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old norse lands, and our values and concepts of the world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simpl istic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1549 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is one of the earliest and most famous works of English literature, and is still widely read today. However, over a thousand years has passed since it was written down in England, and even longer since it was originally spread by word of mouth in the old Norse lands, and our values and concepts of the world are radically different than the people of Beowulf’s age. Although the epic Beowulf shows their concept of simplistic duality, in which there is only black and white, good and evil, theRead MoreWhy Forrest Gump Is Very Much An Epic1584 Words   |  7 Pages An Epic is defined as a long poem, typically derivative of ancient traditionally orally related tales that narrated the feats and adventures of heroic or often legendary figures, or the gallant history of a nation. I believe Forrest Gump is very much an epic. Whe n a story transcends multiple lifetimes and incorporates many events across generational lines, it may be then considered epic. Forrest Gump, a tale about a man of slight mind but significant heart who originates from deficiency to becomeRead MoreMonsters in Literature Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesMonsters run free in epic poems of centuries far past; horrific, villainous creatures of fantasy who illustrate all that is bad in the world and stand for the tribulations the epic hero much overcome. The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is no different. Some are born of, and in turn give birth to legends, such as the fire-breathing dragon, while others are tied to the bible. In studies, Beowulfs monsters are explained and will continue to be analyzed as symbolic of countless different ideas. In relationRead MoreCultural Progression through Beowulf Essay examples569 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is an Old English poem. It was written sometime between 700 and 1,000 A.D. Over the years it has been edited and rewritten countless times. Some of the more recent versions do their best to stay as close to the original story as possible while others make rather large changes to make it more engaging for today’s audiences Seamus Heaney translated a version of Beowulf in 2001. He tried hard to translate the story in a way that best represents the original. Heaney’s version is bilingual with

The Death of Ivan Ilyich Free Essays

The Death of Ivan Ilyich, by Tolstoy, is the story of a man who is faced with suffering and death in which no one seems to believe him. He’s a common man with common dreams. He’s not extraordinary in any way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Ivan Ilyich or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ivan Ilyich is a good literary protagonist. His character goes though ups and downs, is well rounded and relatable. Ivan married Praskovya Fedorovna. Ivan doesn’t appear to be in love with her. She is attractive, has money, a good social standing and he really has no objection to her, â€Å"†¦the marriage gave him personal satisfaction, and at the same time it was considered the right thing by the most highly placed of his associates† (Lawall). This is a relatable piece of life. This may have held more truth back in this era, but it’s not that far off today either. Many people marry for reasons other than love. Ivan had a good job and was very happy with it despite being passed over for a promotion at one time. He was said to be a gentleman and was admired by his peers. When things were good, they were good. And when they weren’t, well, they just weren’t. â€Å"His wife, without any reason – de gaiete de coeur as Ivan Ilych expressed it to himself – began to disturb the pleasure and propriety of their life. She began to be jealous without any cause, expected him to devote his whole attention to her, found fault with everything, and made coarse and ill-mannered scenes† (Lawall). The ups and downs of his life are what make him a good literary protagonist. Perhaps this scene is one that men can be empathetic towards more than women. Having a well-rounded character makes for a good literary protagonist. When the reader sees Ivan struggling with his own mortality this completes a circle of emotion for the character. The reader has watched Ivan through good times and bad and has been able to relate on different levels. â€Å"In the depth of his heart he knew he was dying, but not only was he not accustomed to the thought, he simply did not and could not grasp it† (Lawall). Being able to grasp the finality of death especially your own, is something that people have thought about and struggled with throughout their lives. It reminds people they are real and not indestructible. A good literary protagonist is one that is relatable and well-rounded and people need to be able to see this character through their ups and downs and still come out with them as being on top in the end. The Death of Ivan Ilyich, by Tolstoy, is the story of a man who had a good life, a decent wife and in the end he suffered and died. As the eader goes through the story of Ivan they are taken into his entire life. He is someone the reader can empathize with which allows connections between the character and reader. Everyone thinks about their mortality at one time or another, but to think about what other’s think of your own mentality is something entirely different. â€Å"Besides considerations as to the possible transfers and promotions likely to result from Ivan Ilychâ₠¬â„¢s death, the mere fact of the death of a near acquaintance aroused, as usual, in all who heard of it the complacent feeling that, ‘it is he who is dead and not I’† (Lawall). How to cite The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Papers

The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli

During the Renaissance, the political situation of Italy consisted of instability, invasion, fear, intrigues, and violence. Several powerful families established their territories and ruled authoritatively. The Prince provided a practical direction to Lorenzo Di Medici to operate in this unstable political environment. According to Machiavelli, the republic was the best form of government as opposed to an authority of the prince.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, Machiavelli proposed some advice for a new prince, who wanted to govern a state to prosperity. These pieces of advice would ensure that the prince remained great and powerful. Machiavelli’s work provided practical solutions to Lorenzo in a turbulent political environment. Unfortunately, Lorenzo did not concur with Machiavelli’s suggestions. Machiavelli looks at how an authoritarian ruler can achieve a great success if he changes his authoritarian style. The Prince offers advice on how Lorenzo can expand the empire, keep people from all territories loyal to him, and conquer new territories. According to Machiavelli, Lorenzo could not afford to repeat past mistakes that divided Italy, and he had to learn to use both good and bad styles when running the kingdom. Machiavelli offers two ideal views on principality: these are how to win and hold power. He notes, â€Å"Either through fortune or through strength†, (Machiavelli 6) are the main ways by which rulers can achieve principalities. This implies that people can only achieve power by overthrowing others or inheriting it from the family. From the Renaissance perspective, Machiavelli showed that moral or ethical issues were not important in a quest for power. When a ruler overthrows another one, wars happen and people die. Thus, Machiavelli showed that killings were appropriate means of gaini ng power. Once a ruler has conquered a territory, he must â€Å"ensure that the previous ruler has no heirs† (Machiavelli 9). In addition, a new ruler must not change existing laws or introduce new taxes. Machiavelli argues that the new ruler should maintain the previous lifestyle people had so that many people can like him. This was the only way for the new ruler to establish hereditary domains. Subjects have the duty to remain loyal to their rulers so that leaders can maintain power. The purposes of maintaining loyal subjects are to help the ruler keep power and join militia and fight for the ruler. However, this raises the issue of how Machiavelli viewed ‘subjects’. According to Machiavelli, rulers only needed subjects to maintain their power and protect their kingdoms. Machiavelli did not foresee moral and ethical issues that his work would raise. However, these issues have been the epitome of The Prince. The work provided practical advice in a politically vo latile society. However, both ruthless rulers and business individuals have used Machiavelli’s concepts (Machiavellian) to justify their actions, which view winning as the ultimate goal.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Machiavelli offered his advice on qualities the prince needed in order to run a new kingdom. He wrote: â€Å"Since a ruler, then, needs to know how to make use of beastly qualities, he should take as his models among the animals both the fox and the lion, for the lion does not know how to avoid traps, and the fox is easily overpowered by the wolves. So you must be a fox when it comes to suspecting a trap, and a lion when it comes to making the wolves turn tail† (Machiavelli 54). This indicates that a ruler should be cunning than his subjects or those who may wish to overthrow him. As a result, the subject shall protect their strong ruler, fear him for his strength, and avoid any attempts to kill him. This leads us to the argument of whether it ‘is it better for a Prince to be loved or feared?’ According to Machiavelli, a Prince should be both (Machiavelli 51). However, the challenge is to maintain both love and fear simultaneously. Machiavelli argues for both fear and love because a Prince needs obedience and loyalty from his people and people must fear the Prince because he has the responsibility to control and run the kingdom. Machiavelli notes: â€Å"I conclude, then, that, as far as being loved and feared is concerned, since men decide for themselves whom they love, and rulers decide whom they fear, a wise ruler should rely on the emotion he can control, not on the one he cannot. But he must take care to avoid being hated, as I have said† (Machiavelli 53). Machiavelli supports the use of military to gain power and protect the kingdom. However, he does not support oppression. His views emanate from the notion t hat a good military power leads to a good rule of law. He supports this idea by stating, â€Å"The presence of a sound military force indicates the presence of sound laws† (Machiavelli 65). Machiavelli is right to advise the Prince that the subjects’ loyalty is a good defense than a structure a fortress. Machiavelli notes that leaders should have positive public opinions, have support of subjects, and achieve their objectives. The ultimate objective is to unite different states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Machiavelli does not encourage leaders to be cruel for personal gains. Instead, he wants leaders to use their power and influence to protect their kingdoms and subjects. Thus, most people have misunderstood Machiavelli’s concept of â€Å"The end justifies the means. This is because Machiavelli believed that rulers could use brutality to capture, but will eventually lose their glory. Therefore, he believes that the Prince can only achieve loyalty, obedience, and trust if he does not cruelties on his subjects. However, the concept was justifiable if there were clear objectives to achieve for the benefit of the state. Machiavelli viewed humans as objects of gaining power and using it to maintain power. In addition, human subjects provided numbers for authorities, which were suitable for achieving power and money by using force for the interest of the state. Machiavelli considered human subjects as â€Å"fickle and ungrateful† (Machiavelli 52). The Prince showed that Machiavelli’s main concern was how to run a kingdom rather than moral and ethical issues, which came with such responsibilities. Thus, Lorenzo had not moral or ethical obligation to be correct. However, Machiavelli reflects the raw life of the Renaissance in which States benefited from atrocities. Machiavelli remains a contro versial figure. He knew that some of his views were not right. For instance, he viewed subjects as objects of acquiring and keeping power, considered people as ungrateful, and raised issues of fear or love among others. From Machiavelli’s point of view, the ruler could apply these techniques during his time of need in order to defend his throne. The true purpose of Machiavelli remains defined as succinct ideals for running a prosperous kingdom in a volatile political situation. Therefore, Machiavelli did not advocate for brutality. It is advisable for a ruler to have advisers in order to manage a kingdom effectively. According to Machiavelli, a good leader had to possess proper skills in order to select good advisers. The works of such competent advisers are to provide competent responses and honest advice to specific issues.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, such advisers have to put the state first before their self-interests (Machiavelli 22). In return, the prince must reward and honor such characters because of their unshakable services. On the other hand, bad leaders were likely to surround themselves with incompetent people, who only revealed their weaknesses. Private morality and ethics have other factors too, such as personal character, state duties, and divine approvals. However, it is only reactions from humans, which count in real-life situations. This explains why Machiavelli insists that a leader needs to achieve the best reputation among his subjects, and do whatever is appropriate and wrong for the prosperity of the state in a given circumstance. Therefore, rulers must be cunning, generous and must inculcate a reputation of honesty (Machiavelli 18). According to Machiavelli, rulers can disregard moral obligations in affairs of kingdoms. Thus, the only relevant issue is the important outcome for the kingdom. It is suitable for rulers to engage in deceit, murder, and other immoral acts for the benefit of their states. These ideologies of Machiavelli gave rise to the concept of Machiavellian, which implies being â€Å"crude, cunning, and deceitful. This is exactly how Machiavelli thought the new prince should act† (Machiavelli 63). This is why Machiavelli notes that, in the absence of a court of law, one should only rely on the result in order to make a judgment. However, Machiavelli had a strong belief in the need to have a strong ruler so that kingdoms could maintain their power for benefits of subjects rather than for individual interests. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Shelbyville, KY: Wasteland Classics, 2011. Print. This essay on The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli was written and submitted by user Audrianna Nash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.